Biomechanics

Principle of Force Summation

• This principle is the combination of forces produced by different parts of the human body
• In order to produce an optimal amount of force (maximum force summation), the body parts needed for a movement must be used in a sequential order and within a certain time frame

• The greater the number of joints used in a movement, the greater the applied force.
• The joint actions, however, must be used in a proper sequence without gaps or breaks in the movement. Joints supported by large muscles that are in the centre of the body should be used before the joints supported by small muscles that are found at the distal ends of arms and legs

Force summation

• Maximum force and momentum is produced when a person is able to use as many muscles as possible in the correct order
• Generally, force is produced by using the large muscles first which is then transferred to the smaller muscles to complete a movement
• The more body parts (joints and muscles) that are involved in completing a movement, the greater the force that is possible to generate and transferred to a skill or movement

Range of motion

• A synovial joint has a certain range of motion through which it can move
• Though a joint's range of motion, the muscles associated with that joint produce internal forces
• The greater the range of motion, the greater the force that can be generated

Order of body segments

• When forces are transferred between joints and body segments, they need to be transferred in a logical order or sequence
• For effective force summation, we need to use our large muscles to generate force the is transferred in sequence through progressively smaller and more distal (Further away) muscles

Timing of body segments

• Not only do we need to use body segments in the correct order, we also need to have correct timing. This allows for maximum transfer of force
• For this to happen, each body segment should be used when the one before it reaches it’s peak force
• This coordination maximises force production

In a tennis serve, list what order of the muscles should be used for a successful serve:

1. Leg
2. Hips
3. Torso
4. Shoulder/arm
5. Wrist/hand

What would occur if the movements needed to carry out tennis serve were not in order or timed correctly?

-If the movements needed to carry out the tennis serve were not in order or timed correctly, there wouldn’t be a lot of force used. Their movement will also be uncoordinated.

Task:

1. Place a small object on the ground, close to your feet.
2. Stand against a wall. Your back and glutes must be touching the wall. You can not bend your knees.
3. Try and pick the object up

This will be impossible because you cannot use the right order of body segments (muscles and joint) to complete the task.

1. Basketball
2. Shooting a free throw
3. Legs, Hip, Torso, Shoulder, wrist

3/4/17

LO: To demonstrate understanding of force summation

Quiz:

1. What two things are produced if muscles are used in the correct order and at the correct time? Force and Motion
2. What would be the outcome if an athlete does not use their muscles in the correct order? The movement will be uncoordinated and they will not be able to use a lot of force
3. In relation to Newton’s 2nd law - how could you make yourself run faster? By applying more force, because you cannot change your mass in the moment
4. How does newton’s 1st law relate to discuss?  The discuss will not stop moving unless acted upon by an external force or will remain stationary
5. What does F=ma relate to? Why? Second because the 2nd law says how the more mass and acceleration the more force are being used
6. Name 3 ways to ensure to ensure you are stable?  
1. By making sure your vertical line of gravity is within your base of support
2. Having lower centre of gravity
3. Having bigger base of support so the vertical line of gravity will remain inside
7. In relation to stability, what is an advantage of being shorter? Being shorter means the centre of gravity is lower making yourself more stable

Relate this graph to force summation in a forearm hit in tennis. Full sentence!

By using muscles and joints in the correct order and time, you will increase in speed or velocity building up momentum to produce more force

Questions

1. If you were to teach a Y7 student to throw a tennis ball, what muscles would you expect them to use and in what order? Legs, hips, torso, shoulder, arm, wrist
2. If the student wasn’t throwing very far after showing the to use their muscles order, what is a factor that would you have to look at in relation to force summations? The timing of using the muscles

5/04/16

Quiz:

1. State Newton’s 1st law. An object will stay stationary or will keep moving unless acted upon by an external force.
2. State Newton’s 2nd law. Amount Acceleration depends on the mass and the size of force being used.
3. State Newton’s 3rd law. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
4. Define force summation. Force summation is the sequence of which muscle and joints to use from larger to smaller on the right time.
5. How does the COG relate of BOS? Centre of gravity has a vertical line going straight down. Having that line inside the base of support makes a person stable.
6. How does the VLG relate to stability? If the VLG is within the base of gravity. That person is stable or balance. If it’s not, the person will be unstable or unbalanced

Newton’s 2nd law is about acceleration. The size of acceleration depends on the mass and the amount of force being used. The movement I’m discussing is a football kick. Newton’s 2nd law relates to a football kick by having the right amount of force for the ball to reach its destination. The more force i put into the ball, the greater the acceleration. If I put less force, the lesser the acceleration. The bigger the mass of ball being kicked, the more force is needed for the ball to accelerate.

Newton’s 1st law is about how and object will remain stationary or will keep moving at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force. The movement I’m discussing is a football kick. A football will remain stationary unless acted upon by an external force which in this case is me kicking the ball. The ball should keep moving at a constant speed but due to an external force like air resistance and friction of the grass. The ball will keep on decelerating into a stop.

Projectile Motion

A Projectile is..

• Any object that flies through the air e.g. your body on a trampoline, a ball released from your hand, a fruit falling from the tree

Projectile motion is …

• The way that a projectile moves through the air

Q. What are the projectiles that we have in sport

A. a shuttlecock, any kind of ball used in sport

Gravity

As weight increases, the effect that gravity has on the projectile increases

What does gravity actually do?

Gravity pulls everything to the core of the earth.

AIr resistance

Is affected by 4 different things

1. Surface area (Increase, so does air resistance)
2. Surface type (Rought, increased air resistance)
3. Speed increases, increases air resistance
4. Weight decrease, increased air resistance

Angle of release

A low angle will have less time in the air to travel

A high angle will use up too much force going high and not enough for distance

An angle in between of 45˚ will have the perfect combination of distance and time in the air to travel

Height and speed of release

Height of release

• The higher an object is released the more time it has in the air to travel

Speed of release (velocity)

• The faster an object is travelling before it is released, the further it will go

Levers

• Used when force is applied.
• Can be divided up into 3 different parts:

1. Fulcrum - pivot point that the movement happens (normally the joint)
2. The load (effort) - weight that needs to be moved
3. The force (output) - the place that the force is applied. It is the effort of the muscle contracted.
4. 

Coaching

Coaching

LO:Understand what Achievement Standards 1.5 and 1.8 are about.

Be able to understand and identify successful and unsuccessful forms of communication.

1. Make a list of all of the things a good coach/leader does and says
1. Gives plenty of positive
2. Gives everyone the same amount of playtime
3. Being on time
4. Making sure everyone is engaged
5. Focus on everyone and not just a couple of players
6. Giving feedback
7. Encouraging players
2. Think of a lesson or time you were coached that didn’t go so well. List down what didn’t go well
1. Being late
2. Not organized

Intrapersonal Skills

Interpersonal skills are the life skills we use everyday to communicate and interact with other people, both individually and in groups. IPS allows us to relate to others. People who have worked on developing strong interpersonal skills are usually more successful in both their professional and personal lives

Focus

• Communication
• Feedback/Feedforward
• Support and encouragement

Communication

Communication is the sending and receiving or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using come other medium such as body language between people

Effective communicator will use:

• Body language to engage
• Use language that is simple at a suitable volume
• Will be genuine and concise to keep relevance

Effective communication:

Communication is a two-way process that requires active listening and cooperation from both parties

Specific Examples of effective communication

• Delivering a team talk before or during the game outlining key points of focus e.g. “Remember to drop down low to set yourself up for the scrum”
• Thumbs up to a player who is doing something well
• Smiling and clapping hands to encourage and attract players attention
• Enthusiasm and positive words
• Clear talk and easy to understand sentences
• Appropriate style and tone for the situation e.g. Whispering one to one, shouting, calm, excited

Body Language

Body Language accounts for 70% of all information sent and received between people.

Brainstorm the various of ways that body language can be used to express confidence, enthusiasm and annoyance during an activity

• Giving kids high five when they did something well
• Facial expression to show emotions
• Clap when the team score

Active Listening

Listening skills are used to understand the position of others and gauge thoughts and feelings. Active listening is often reinforced by positive body language which shows the speaker that the listener is concentrating on what they are saying

Good listening makes speaker feel valued and that they are being taken seriously. This improves attitudes and participation within the group

Opponents of active listening

Eye Contact Provides attention and acknowledgement of speaker	Minimal Encouragers Short phrases designed to encourage the speaker to continue
Facial Expressions Used to acknowledge and respond to feeling of speaker	Open Questions Encourages speaker to provide further information
Body position Stand and position of body parts in relation to speaker	Reflecting Repeating information to acknowledge feeling and show understanding

12/14/2017

LO:Understand and identify forms of effective communication. Plan a lesson based on yesterday’s feedback

• Feedback/Feedforward
• Questioning
• Encouraging and supporting

Analysing Interpersonal Skills-video

Definition

• The communication skills used extensively by the coach/captain
• The communication that were not used or used incorrectly

1st Video

+ve Communication	X	-ve Communication	✓
Positive words	X	Negative words	✓
Body language	X	Poor Body language	✓
Listening	X	Ignoring	✓
Ideal tone	X	Too loud	✓
Suitable volume	X	Too quiet	X

2nd Video

+ve Communication	✓	-ve Communication	X
Positive words	✓	Negative words	X
Body language	✓	Poor Body language	X
Listening	✓	Ignoring	X
Ideal tone	✓	Too loud	X
Suitable volume	✓	Too quiet	X

What made this coach/captain successful/unsuccessful?

• The first coach was unsuccessful because he was putting down the children's and not doing anything right interpersonal skills

What coach/captain is the most successful of the videos and why?

• The second one because he used all the appropriate communication skills with the children and made sure they understood the task give.

Feedback is information about reactions to a person’s performance of a task, etc.which is used as a basis for improvement

• E.g. Seeing that the formation of the backline is unbalanced to the opposition’s attack

Feed Forward is the opposite of feedback, it is the modification or control of a process/performance using its anticipated results or effects.

• E.g. Taking a midfielder off the field and replacing them with another defender to the backline to balance the attack of the opposition

Feedback can be reactions from things you:

• See
• Hear
• Feel
• Ask

Using questioning to get reactions

1. Allows others to feel valued
2. Unlocks ideas and solutions that others have
3. Shows people that you are actively listening
4. Encourages further discussion
5. Forces others to think for themselves

Supporting is to give assistance to

Encouraging is to be positive and to give hope for future success; promise

Support and Encouragement will help others overcome obstacles and persevere in a variety of situations

Name	Prefered method of support/encouragement
	Smile	High Five	Tell them individually	Talk about in a group
McKenzie			✓
Sam			✓
Jordana				✓
Tyler				✓
Skaife				✓

What makes a good coach?

• Giving feedback
• Positive communication
• Listening
• Suitable volume
• Positive words

Reflection

I’m not a good coach because I never coached before. A positive trait I have is that I am optimistic. Negative traits I have is that I am shy and disorganized. My goal this year is to improve my interpersonal skills.

List 3 ways that body language can be used positively during sport/coaching

• Facing the players that you coach
• Giving eye contact
• Standing in Front

List 3 ways that body language can be used negatively during sport/coaching

• Standing away from the group
• Looking intimidating
• Not looking while talking

Remember the titans observations

	Positive	Negative
Communication	It was positive in the end, they started to communicate as a team.	They communicate negatively towards their teammates at the start.
Feedback/Feedforward	The coach gave them good/positive feedback/feedforward
Support and encouragement	The coach supported the team to be united as one.

Task 1

Objectives:

1. Everyone to be involved
2. Everyone to enjoy the game
3. To improve my interpersonal skills

How will I achieve my objectives:

1. By making sure everyone is listening, and giving player the same game time
2. Do fun drills
3. Making sure I give feedback/feedforward, supporting my team and positive communication.

Expectations of me as a coach:

1. To be on time
2. To make them involved all the time
3. To make sports fun
4. To know about the game